Desegregation did not happen overnight. In fact, it took years for some states to get on board, and some had to be brought on kicking and screaming. But before the Court ever got involved with school integration, the desegregation wheels were put into motion by another branch of the government - the president himself.
Even though it took three years for the army to fully act on the order, once it did, the military found that the earth still rotated and weapons still worked. Schools are what we tend to think of when we hear the word segregation. And it was schools that the Court spent a fair amount of time discussing in its opinions on desegregation. But the Court had time to issue opinions on other matters as well. For instance, the Court defended Congress in its ability to draft legislation that would allow blacks to integrate with whites in the area of employment.
The Court also supported Congress in preventing racial discrimination in facilities like restaurants. It determines their access to medical care and good schools. Integration is good for everyone: children who grow up in multiracial surroundings tend to be less anxious about racial differences, more empathetic and more caring about others. White people who grow up in highly segregated communities of color have lower incomes than white people who grow up in highly segregated white neighborhoods.
But as many affluent Americans get the freedom to work remotely and live where they like in the aftermath of the pandemic, it calls into question whether the country will only get more segregated as wealthy people flee cities for suburbs. The Fair Housing Act of prohibited discrimination in the sale or rental of housing on the basis of race, but it had few provisions that would force integration in the same way the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision did.
Its one shot was a provision that directed the U. It came after a Supreme Court case that found that the state of Texas erred in placing affordable housing in highly segregated neighborhoods. Systemic racial factors have long hampered residential integration. In , the Supreme Court ruled that a Black family had the right to move into their newly-purchased home in a quiet neighborhood in St.
Kramer, attorneys from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP , led by Thurgood Marshall , argued that allowing such white-only real estate covenants were not only morally wrong, but strategically misguided in a time when the country was trying to promote a unified, anti-Soviet agenda under President Harry Truman.
Civil rights activists saw the landmark case as an example of how to start to undo trappings of segregation at the federal level. But while the Supreme Court ruled that white-only covenants were not enforceable, the real estate playing field was hardly leveled. The act subsidized housing for whites only, even stipulating that Black families could not purchase the houses even on resale. The program effectively resulted in the government funding white flight from cities. One of the most notorious of the white-only communities created by the Housing Act was Levittown, New York, built in and followed by other Levittowns in different locations.
Segregation of children in public schools was struck down by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional in with Brown v. Board of Education. The case was originally filed in Topeka, Kansas after seven-year-old Linda Brown was rejected from the all-white schools there. A follow-up opinion handed decision-making to local courts, which allowed some districts to defy school desegregation.
Eisenhower deployed federal troops to ensure nine Black students entered high school after Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus had called in the National Guard to block them. When Rosa Parks was arrested in after refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama, the civil rights movement began in earnest. Through the efforts of organizers like Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. One of the worst incidents of anti-integration happened in The state had passed the Elimination of Racial Balance law in , but it had been held up in court by Irish Catholic opposition.
Police protected the Black students as several days of violence broke out between police and Southie residents. White crowds greeted the buses with insults, and further violence erupted between Southie residents and retaliating Roxbury crowds. State troopers were called in until the violence subsided after a few weeks.
The most enduring evil of enslavement is the narrative of racial inferiority that defined Black people as less human than white people. This series follows the myth of racial difference and its legacy from enslavement to mass incarceration. Slavery in America documents the legacy of American slavery and the domestic slave trade in Montgomery.
Reconstruction in America documents nearly 2, more confirmed racial terror lynchings of Black people by white mobs in America than previously detailed. Lynching in America documents more than 4, racial terror lynchings in the U. Segregation in America Read the report. Visit the microsite Purchase a copy.
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