However, this can be only achieved when the whole society each individual in the society fulfils his person and adopts virtuosity, self-control, and love for God. He further believed that soul was the guide to body and mind, comparing it to a chariot driven by two horses at a time. He also divided the soul into emotion, desire, and reason and stated that true knowledge is acquired through reason, and the soul is part of reality. Moreover, he viewed art as an imitation of the world.
For him, art was completely the reflection of the actual picture, and it misled the minds of people. This view of art involves the theory of imitation and the theory of forms. But there are differences between their views. Aristotle proposed that true happiness is dependent on a person and not on society. It could be achieved if a person practices virtues.
Plato felt that the individual should subsume his or her interests to that of society in order to achieve a perfect from of government. His Republic described a utopian society where each of the three classes philosophers, warriors, and workers had its role, and governance was kept in the hands of those deemed best qualified for that responsibility, those of the "Philosopher Rulers.
Aristotle saw the basic political unit as the city polis , which took precedence over the family, which in turn took precedence over the individual. Aristotle said that man was a political animal by nature and thus could not avoid the challenges of politics.
In his view, politics functions more as an organism than as a machine, and the role of the polis was not justice or economic stability, but to create a space where its people could live a good life and perform beautiful acts.
Although eschewing a utopian solution or large-scale constructs such as nations or empires , Aristotle moved beyond political theory to become the first political scientist, observing political processes in order to formulate improvements. Though Plato and Aristotle have become directly linked to philosophy and the height of Greek culture, their works are studied less now, and much of what they stated has been either discarded or set aside in favor of new information and theories.
For an example of theory espoused by Aristotle and Plato that is no longer considered valid, watch the video below regarding Plato and Aristotle's opinions on slavery. To many historians and scientists, Aristotle was an obstacle to scientific progress because his works were deemed so complete that no one challenged them.
The adherence to using Aristotle as "the final word" on many subjects curtailed true observation and experimentation, a fault that lies not with Aristotle, but with the use of his works.
Among Islamic scholars, Aristotle is "the First Teacher," and many of his recovered works may have been lost if not for Arabic translations of the original Greek treatises. It may be that Plato and Aristotle are now more starting points on analytical paths than endpoints; however, many continue to read their works even today.
Plato was born around B. His father was Ariston , descended from kings in Athens and Messenia, and his mother, Perictione, was related to the great Greek statesman, Solon. Plato was given the name Aristocles, a family name, and adopted Plato meaning "broad" and "strong" later when he was a wrestler. As was typical of upper middle-class families of the time, Plato was educated by tutors, exploring a wide range of topics centered largely on philosophy, what would now be called ethics.
He became a student of Socrates, but his studies with the Greek master were interrupted by the Peloponnesian War , which pit Athens against Sparta. Plato fought as a soldier between and B. He left Athens when the city was defeated and its democracy was replaced by a Spartan oligarchy. He considered returning to Athens to pursue a career in politics when the oligarchy was overthrown, but the execution of Socrates in B.
For over 12 years, Plato traveled throughout the Mediterranean region and Egypt studying mathematics, geometry, astronomy, and religion. In about B. He would preside over it until his death around B. Aristotle, whose name means "the best purpose," was born in B.
His father was Nicomachus , the court physician to the Macedonian royal family. Tutored privately as all aristocratic children were, Aristotle trained first in medicine.
Considered to be a brilliant student, in B. He stayed at Plato's Academy until about B. Although his time at the academy was productive, Aristotle opposed some of Plato's teachings and may have challenged the Master openly.
When Plato died, Aristotle was not appointed head of the academy, so he left to pursue his own studies. After leaving Athens, Aristotle spent time traveling and studying in Asia Minor what is now Turkey and its islands. I am currently studying aristotle and plato so this is a really welcome post.
Human Appendix? If knowledge is changing and everything has a purpose and if we understand purpose, we gain knowledge, does that mean purpose is knowledge?
If true, does this imply purpose also changes and is not fixed. So, may be human appendix had purpose but not anymore. You have elaborately pointed out the differences in their philosophical point of views. Aristotle had a more rational approach than Plato. Before Aristotle Philosophy was completely confined within metaphysical realm, but Aristotle introduced the rational approach. Marine Biology. Electrical Engineering.
Computer Science. Medical Science. Writing Tutorials. Performing Arts. Visual Arts. Student Life. Vocational Training. Standardized Tests. The idea is verified by the conclusions it leads. If these conclusions are untenable, the assumption is rejected.
Another idea takes its place, to suffer the same fate until one finds one that stands up to scrutiny. Each hypothesis is a degree that we rise to the idea.
But the dialectic is not the whole story. There are secrets impenetrable to reason and of which the Gods which have retained possession. They may, indeed, leave something to see for some men, like poets and seers, for example.
Plato did not disdain to gather the Egyptian and Pythagorean beliefs in the immortality of the soul, but he is careful not to give them certainty. According to Plato, the soul is eternal.
Before being united to the body, the soul has contemplated the idea and, through reminiscence, it can recognise when it is lowered into a body. By living with the material, the soul loses its purity, and in it there are three different parts: An upper part, reason, our contemplative faculty, made to govern and maintain harmony between it and the lower parts: courage, noble and generous faculty, which includes both the desires of our higher nature and will and lastly, instinct and desire which take man to sensitive objects and desires.
In the Phaedrus, Plato likens the soul to a driver, who leads a team of two horses, one obedient and generous, the other stubborn and rebellious. The weakness of this representation is made insufficient by the free will. Plato with Socrates argue that the knowledge of good necessarily entails membership of the will, which is contrary to experience.
Plato tried to establish the survival of the soul with a demonstration and dialectic outlined in the three myths of Gorgias, the Republic and Phaedo migrations and purifications to which the soul is subjected, before going on land to enter a new body, but the detailed descriptions vary from one myth to another.
The fundamental basis of government is justice, and it cannot last without it. Via Plato, Socrates rejects this definition in the first book of the Republic: justice, as he understands it, comes down to the individual, that each part of the soul should fulfil its own function, and that desire be submitted to courage and courage to reason.
It is the same in the city. It consists of three classes of citizens for the three parts of the soul:. For these three classes of citizens, justice is, as in the individual, to perform its functions so that there is harmony between the three rungs. In addition, Plato holds that the greatest danger is in a state of division. As such, Plato does not consider, as does Xenophon for instant, major States such as the Persian Empire, he models his own on the small city which existed across Greece.
Also, in order to avoid division, the city removes the two most formidable enemies of the unit: self-interest and family spirit. The first was destroyed by the joint estate, the second by the community of women and children, which are to be raised by the state. But this community of goods, women and children is not for use by the people. It is governed by the two higher orders, and is only able to submit to public good. Marriages, however, will not be left to the discretion of couples: they are all ephemeral, they will be solemnly resolved by judges.
However, Plato was under no illusions about the difficulty of applying his system.
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