Photographers such as Mathew B. Brady, James Wallace Black — Holmes — The vast majority of American photographs made before the Civil War era are portraits. Before the late s, city and town views are rare; studies of the landscape exceedingly so. By , however, city views such as those published as stereographs by the E.
A stereograph, commonly known as a stereo view, is a double photograph presented in such a manner that an observer looking through a stereoscope sees a single image in three dimensions. Introduced in , stereoscopy did not become truly popular in America until the late s, when stereo photography became a novelty collectible. Department of Photographs.
Visiting The Met? Lemuel Shaw Southworth and Hawes. Daniel Webster Southworth and Hawes. Rufus Choate Southworth and Hawes. When the concept of electric streetcars was first introduced in the mids, there were many who were reluctant to embrace the new technology. Despite the promise of faster, farther-reaching transportation, skeptics, including Thomas Lowry, who controlled the Minneapolis and St.
Paul streetcar companies, were unsure about whether to utilize electrification and what it would mean as far as safety. By , however, all horse car routes in Minneapolis were electric, and the technology had more or less taken over. Solvay Process Co. The plant eventually developed soda ash, which could be used in the production of materials like glass and paper, as well as products like soap. You may also like: Fastest-warming cities in the U.
As industrialization largely shaped the 19th century, coal mining largely shaped the progression of industrialization. Unfortunately, the job of coal mining was a brutal one, and many men who took on the job—like those pictured here in Pennsylvania—were often severely injured or killed during the process.
The use of combine harvesters was new to America as of the s. The farming technology combined the once-independent jobs of a header and a thresher, and thus significantly reduced the time and effort that it would take a farmer to harvest wheat, corn and a number of other crops. In this photograph, the combine harvester is pulled through an Oregon wheat field by horses—though the process allowed for fewer men to be involved, it could call for up to 40 horses—as it harvests the grain.
You may also like: How farming has changed in every state the last years. Before the widespread existence of brick-and-mortar stores where people could purchase their goods, traveling salesmen were rather common.
This was especially true in areas around the Midwest that were slightly more remote. In this image, a traveling salesman speaks to residents of a farm in Oklahoma as they peruse his powders and medicines.
Unfortunately, traveling salesmen were not always the most trustworthy. The quality of schools in rural Iowa in the s were concerning to many who felt children were being disadvantaged by inferior educations.
This shortage of well-trained teachers was largely attributed to factors including subpar standards for teacher certification and low wages that left high-quality teachers disincentivized to educate children at Iowa schools. Children were often none the wiser, however, as is evident by this image of elementary school children holding hands and playing a game in their Keota, Iowa classroom.
You may also like: American history from the year you were born. Before the newsstand came to be, the news could be obtained from vendors simply standing on the street and selling it on the go. The Pullman factory strike in did just that. After having their requests declined during a wage negotiation, factory workers of the Pullman Palace Car Company went on strike.
The boycott was extremely detrimental to railroad traffic across the country and resulted in the first instance of government officials and troops getting involved—as seen in this image—to break a strike. Tragedy struck Sheffield and surrounding regions in Colorado territory when, in , a dam in one of four nearby reservoirs was breached, giving way to allow around million gallons of water to escape in under an hour.
The flood—known as the Great Sheffield Flood —killed people and left homes and other buildings drowning under as much as 26 feet of water. In this photograph, people in Denver stand along the shore of the South Platte river, which is rushing under the pressure of incoming water from the flood.
This image shows gold diggers trekking along the route in , just two years after gold had been discovered in the Klondike region in Following the initial discovery of gold, more and more hopefuls attempted to brave the elements—including blizzards, avalanches, and freezing temperatures—to try their hands at finding gold deposits of their own at Klondike.
With immigrants coming from throughout Europe, the migration of people to the U. This undated photo circa captures a group of people descending from a ship docked in the harbor as they enter Ellis Island. You may also like: Immigration to America the year you were born. The first switchboard was created in out of a variety of random materials, including teapot handles and carriage bolts.
With the switchboard in place, cross-country telephone communication became far simpler, by connecting callers to a middleman who would direct calls from there. The switchboards, which needed to be operated manually, were often handled by women, as is evident in this photograph of employees at a telephone exchange in New York City.
Other hotels, including the Palm Beach Hotel—pictured here with its grand terrace—and the Palm Beach Inn known as The Breakers also emerged to attract wealthy visitors and encourage tourism in the county. Record numbers of incoming immigrants during the late 19th century in America created major crises of overcrowding in cities like New York, where space was limited and populations were relentlessly rising. A result of the influx of new residents gave rise to tenement housing, which were multistory apartment buildings that crammed multiple families into living quarters with limited space and facilities.
Tenement buildings that popped up in poorer neighborhoods of the city were usually accompanied by public bathhouses , where family members could bathe and keep cool during hot summer months. Here, a group of children is shown playing and swimming in a public bath in New York. By the late s, people had traveled by wagon, stagecoach, train, tram, and trolley. Automobiles, however, had yet to enter the scene until , when Henry Ford created the quadricycle , his first attempt at a car that would run on gas.
The automobile was constructed using iron for the outer body and a leather belt and chain for its transmission. By , Spanish colonial control was dwindling, with some of its few remaining colonies worldwide being Cuba and the Philippines.
In this photograph, military recruiters in New York attempt to enlist volunteers to fight in the war. You may also like: 50 famous paintings and the stories behind them. Written by: Ellen Dewitt. Republish this story. Capitol dome under construction. Henry P. In the s, photography took another huge leap forward.
Richard Maddox improved on a previous invention to make dry gelatine plates that were nearly equal to wet plates in speed and quality. These dry plates could be stored rather than made as needed. This allowed photographers much more freedom in taking photographs. The process also allowed for smaller cameras that could be hand-held. As exposure times decreased, the first camera with a mechanical shutter was developed.
Photography was only for professionals and the very rich until George Eastman started a company called Kodak in the s. Eastman created a flexible roll film that did not require constantly changing the solid plates.
This allowed him to develop a self-contained box camera that held film exposures. The camera had a small single lens with no focusing adjustment. The consumer would take pictures and send the camera back to the factory for the film to be developed and prints made, much like modern disposable cameras.
This was the first camera inexpensive enough for the average person to afford. The film was still large in comparison to today's 35mm film. It was not until the late s that 35mm film became cheap enough for the majority of consumers to use. Around , Henri-Cartier Bresson and other photographers began to use small 35mm cameras to capture images of life as it occurred rather than staged portraits.
When World War II started in , many photojournalists adopted this style. The posed portraits of World War I soldiers gave way to graphic images of war and its aftermath. Images such as Joel Rosenthal's photograph, Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima brought the reality of war home and helped galvanize the American people like never before. This style of capturing decisive moments shaped the face of photography forever.
At the same time that 35mm cameras were becoming popular, Polaroid introduced the Model Model 95 used a secret chemical process to develop film inside the camera in less than a minute. This new camera was fairly expensive but the novelty of instant images caught the public's attention. By the mids, Polaroid had many models on the market and the price had dropped so that even more people could afford it.
In , Polaroid stopped making their famous instant film and took their secrets with them. Many groups such as The Impossible Project and Lomography have tried to revive instant film with limited success. As of , it remains difficult to replicate the quality that was found in a Polaroid. While the French introduced the permanent image, the Japanese brought easier image control to the photographer. These were both SLR-type cameras and the Nikon F allowed for interchangeable lenses and other accessories.
For the next 30 years, SLR-style cameras remained the camera of choice. Many improvements were introduced to both the cameras and the film itself. In the late s and early s, compact cameras that were capable of making image control decisions on their own were introduced. These "point and shoot" cameras calculated shutter speed, aperture, and focus, leaving photographers free to concentrate on composition.
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