These categories are based on the conceptions of aging including, biological, psychological, social, and chronological differences. They also reflect the increase in longevity of those living to this latter stage. Young-old: Older adults between the ages of 65 and 84 comprise the young-old category Ortman et al. According to Barnes a , this age category spans the post-employment years until approximately years when age-related limitations occur in the areas of physical, emotional, and cognitive development.
Why so positive? Individuals at this age often have fewer responsibilities than in previous stages, and when combined with adequate finances and good health, they can pursue leisure and self-fulfillment opportunities.
It is also an unusual age in that people are considered both in old age and not in old age Rubinstein, The young-old also show strong performance in attention, memory, and crystallized intelligence. In fact, those identified as young-old are more similar to those in midlife than those who are 85 and older. This group is less likely to require long-term care, to be dependent or poor, and more likely to be married, working for pleasure rather than income, and living independently.
Chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and cancer, are among the most common especially later in this period , but because they are linked to lifestyle choices, they typically can be can prevented, lessoned, or managed Barnes, b. Palmore, E. What can the USA learn from Japan about aging? Gerontologist, 15, 64— Persad, C. Inhibitory changes after age 60 and the relationship to measures of attention and memory.
Pushkar, D. Social behavior and off-target verbosity in elderly people. Psychology and Aging, 15 2 , — Responding to the challenges of late life: Strategies for maintaining and enhancing competence. Ryan, E. Communication beliefs about youth and old age in Asia and Canada.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 19 , — Salthouse, T. What and when of cognitive aging. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13 4 , — Scheibe, S. New territories of positive life-span development: Wisdom and life longings. Snyder Eds. Sharps, M. Attitudes of young adults toward older adults: Evidence from the United States and Thailand.
Educational Gerontology, 24, — Sher A. Aging in post-Mao China: The politics of veneration. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Sroufe, L. The development of the person: The Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood.
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What college students know about older adults: A cross-cultural qualitative study. Educational Gerontology, 33, — Skip to content Chapter Growing and Developing. Learning Objectives Review the physical, cognitive, and social changes that accompany late adulthood. Describe the psychological and physical outcomes of bereavement. Key Takeaways Most older adults maintain an active lifestyle, remain as happy as they were when younger, or happier, and increasingly value their social connections with family and friends.
Although older adults have slower cognitive processing overall fluid intelligence , their experience in the form of crystallized intelligence — or existing knowledge about the world and the ability to use it — is maintained and even strengthened during old age. Expectancies about change in aging vary across cultures and may influence how people respond to getting older.
Memory comes in many types, such as working, episodic, semantic, implicit, and prospective. There are also many processes involved in memory, thus it should not be a surprise that there are declines in some types of memory and memory processes, while other areas of memory are maintained or even show some improvement with age. Research has shown that older adults are less able to selectively focus on information while ignoring distractors, although Jefferies and her colleagues found that when given double time, older adults could perform at young adult levels.
Other studies have also found that older adults have greater difficulty shifting their attention between objects or locations. Pragmatics of intelligence are cultural exposure to facts and procedures that are maintained as one ages and are similar to crystalized intelligence.
Mechanics of intelligence are dependent on brain functioning and decline with age, similar to fluid intelligence. Baltes indicated that pragmatics of intelligence show little decline and typically increase with age. There are several different neurocognitive disorders that are typically demonstrated in late adulthoo 9. Older adults also demonstrate lower rates of absenteeism and greater investment in their work.
In , 8. This constitute about 5. These stereotypes are reflected in everyday conversations, the media, and even in greeting cards Overstreet, Age is not revered in the United States, and so laughing about getting older in birthday cards is one way to get relief.
The negative attitudes people have about those in late adulthood are examples of ageism, or prejudice based on age. Between and the number of older adults living alone increased, most likely due to improvements in health and longevity during this time.
Since the number of older adults living alone has declined, because of older women more likely to be living with their spouse or children Stepler, c. Despair How do people cope with old age?
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