Other small scale developments took place over time which resulted in improved irrigation infrastructure. The territory was renamed the Republic of Tajikistan on August 31, and it declared its independence on September 9, Tajikistan was recognized as an independent state by the Soviet Union on December 26, Following its independence, the country fell into the Civil War involving different factions. As a result, more than half a million residents fled the country due to increased poverty and persecution.
With 77, square miles, Kyrgyzstan is a mountainous and landlocked country. Initially, the Soviet Union had established its power in the region in However, Soviet Kyrgyzstan was established on December 5, The territory's name was changed to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan through a vote by the Supreme Soviet in December On December 25, , Kyrgyzstan attained full independence and on May 5, , the name changed to the Kyrgyz Republic.
Through the better part of the new millennium, the country has suffered immense political instability. Between the s and s, the Soviet Union introduced economic and agricultural policies in the territory that resulted in political repression and famine. A mass grave for victims who were executed between and was discovered near Minsk. The act was linked to the Soviet Union prompting the nationalists of Belarus to seek independence and declare its sovereignty on July 27, Post-independence, the country has faced many disputes with Russia which have subsequently weakened the relationship between the two countries.
The Republic of Uzbekistan is one of the world's doubly landlocked countries and is located in Central Asia. Soviet Uzbekistan was established on October 27, Between and about 1.
Uzbekistan proclaimed itself a sovereign state on June 20, and declared its independence on August 31, Following the country's independence, Uzbekistan held its first election. At present, Uzbekistan has the second highest rate of modern slavery in the world at 3. Turkmenistan, formerly known as Turkmenia, covers an area of , square miles. Turkmenistan was annexed into the Russian Empire and was later established as one of the Soviet Union's constituent republics in The Soviet Union reorganized agricultural practices thus destroying the nomadic lifestyle in the country.
Its political life was controlled by Moscow. The current population of 1. Young Estonians are also taking advantage of EU membership to emigrate in droves. For 22 years, the sides have been unable to agree on a political settlement to the conflict. In late , Moldovan authorities entered an agreement with the EU, placing the country on a path towards full membership.
The country is wedged between Romania and Ukraine , not far from the Black Sea. There were repeated bouts of internal political and economic turmoil during the late s and early s, though the situation has stabilised in recent years.
Moldovan authorities have also had to contend with separatist rumblings from a Turkic minority, the Gagauz , and granted them special autonomous status in a agreement. The post-Soviet period has had a Dickensian flavour for Russia — it has been the worst of times, followed by better times.
President Boris Yeltsin presided over the Kremlin during the bleakest period, from to It was an era marked by economic dysfunction, lawlessness, rampant corruption and a ruinous war in the southern territory of Chechnya. A turning point took place on the last day of the millennium when Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned, elevating his prime minister, Vladimir Putin, to the presidency. Putin immediately set out to put Russia back together again by unleashing a second war in Chechnya, which ultimately succeeded in halting a secessionist trend — while pushing Islamist militants to turn to terrorism.
Terror continues to claim dozens of lives every year. As president, Putin moved quickly to consolidate his authority over the economy and politics.
Although corruption remained prevalent, a mood of prosperity returned — at least to Moscow and St Petersburg. Politicians and entrepreneurs who have opposed Putin have been treated harshly, underscored by the long imprisonment of billionaire Mikhail Khodorkovsky. In recent years, Putin has tightened his personal grip on power to such a degree that critics say there is little to distinguish him from the tsars and general-secretaries who led Russia in bygone epochs.
Analysts suspect that one of his chief goals is the expansion of Russian influence in other formerly Soviet republics under the guise of an economic union. Nursultan Nazarbayev has led Kazakhstan as president, since independence in , extending his tenure through a series of constitutional revisions and elections in which he has faced only token opposition.
Nazarbayev permitted a relatively high degree of political activity until the emergence of a reform movement called Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan , backed by several wealthy business people, in late He launched a crackdown and the movement was formally dissolved in Over the next two years, several prominent opposition figures were murdered in mysterious circumstances.
All presidential and parliamentary elections held during the independence era have been deemed flawed by independent western monitoring groups. Over the past decade, Kazakhs have experienced a steady reduction in individual rights. Amendments adopted in , for example, give authorities the right to cut internet and mobile phone access without judicial review.
Kazakhstan, a country with a large Russian minority, has strong relations with Russia , China and the United States. It has the second largest oil reserves among the former Soviet republics after Russia, and its oil exports are expected to soar as its huge Kashagan oil field, in the Caspian Sea, develops.
In recent years, the gap between rich and poor in Kazakhstan has widened, heightening social tensions. These reached boiling point in the western city of Zhanaozen in late when authorities opened fire on striking workers, leaving at least 14 dead. This mountainous central Asian state enjoyed relative stability during the early years of independence. But after securing re-election in Akayev shifted his political course, steadily expanding his presidential powers.
In , in the southern town of Aksy, police fired on people protesting at the arrest of a local politician. Six demonstrators were killed, sparking an opposition movement against Akayev. In his administration collapsed amid rioting and looting in Bishkek and he was replaced by Kurmanbek Bakiyev , a former prime minister.
Just over five years later, amid mass protests, Bakiyev was also chased from power, accused of abusing his powers to enrich himself and his family. The provisional leadership that replaced him engineered constitutional changes to enhance parliamentary powers at the expense of the executive.
In June , inter-ethnic rioting involving Kyrgyz and Uzbeks erupted in southern provinces, leaving hundreds dead. Kyrgyzstan has sought to balance western and Russian interests.
The facility, scheduled to close in July , served as a logistics hub for US and Nato military operations in Afghanistan. Russia has an air base at nearby Kant. Economically, Kyrgyzstan is heavily dependent on Russia, although China has made inroads over the past two decades.
High unemployment and widespread poverty mean Kyrgyzstan is a major source of migrant labourers, many of whom find work in Russia. These ambitions often generate friction with its neighbours, especially Tajikistan. Islam Karimov , a Communist party boss during the Soviet era, has led Uzbekistan since independence in At first Uzbekistan had a competitive political system but by Karimov had eliminated all opposition. Western observers have never deemed any Uzbek presidential or parliamentary election in the post-Soviet era to be free and fair.
Radical Islam gained a following amid the economic upheaval of the s, especially in the densely populated Ferghana Valley region. Islamist militants carried out bombings in in Tashkent. In , the Soviet Union was dissolved following the collapse of its communist government. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
James Gadsden, the U. The treaty settled the dispute over the location of the Mexican border west of El Paso, Texas, and established the final Former Philippines Senate president Ferdinand Marcos is inaugurated president of the Southeast Asian archipelago nation.
Ferdinand Marcos was a law student in the late s, when he was tried Hideki Tojo, prime minister of Japan during the war, is born in Tokyo. Having already earned a reputation for sternness and Sometime over the course of the night and the early morning of December , , Grigory Efimovich Rasputin, a self-proclaimed holy man, is murdered by Russian nobles eager to end his influence over the royal family.
Rasputin, a Siberian-born muzhik, or peasant, who But on December 30, , the quartet of British rockers preparing for their fifth-ever gig in the United States were using propane heaters to keep themselves and
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